Plant Kingdom ( 11Th Neet ) - Capsule education

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#1. Assertion (A): Algae are considered primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Reason (R): Algae fix carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a byproduct.

Both A and R are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is correct, but R is incorrect.

A is incorrect, but R is correct.

#2. Which class of algae is responsible for producing valuable hydrocolloids like algin, which are used in commercial products?

Chlorophyceae (green algae)

Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

Rhodophyceae (red algae)

Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae)

Explanation – Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) produce hydrocolloids like algin, which are used in various commercial applications, including in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

#3. Which of the following pteridophytes exhibit the formation of strobili or cones for spore dispersal? 1)Equisetum 2)Selaginella 3)Ferns 4)Psilotum

1 and 2

1, 2, and 3

2, 3, and 4

1 and 4

Explanation:

Equisetum (a member of Sphenopsida) and Selaginella (a member of Lycopsida) produce strobili (cones) as part of their reproductive process. These strobili bear the sporangia where spores are produced.
Ferns and Psilotum (members of Pteropsida and Psilopsida, respectively) do not produce strobili. Ferns have sori (clusters of sporangia) on their fronds, and Psilotum does not produce cones either.

#4. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with liverworts?

Presence of a thalloid plant body, as seen in Marchantia

Asexual reproduction through fragmentation or gemmae.

Differentiation of sporophyte into foot, seta, and capsule

Predominant stage in life cycle as protonema.

Explanation: Liverworts do not exhibit a protonema stage; this is characteristic of mosses. Liverworts have a thalloid or leafy structure with a predominant gametophyte phase and undergo fragmentation or gemmae formation for asexual reproduction.

#5. Which of the following is an important evolutionary step in the life cycle of pteridophytes, which is considered a precursor to seed formation? 1)The fusion of male and female gametes. 2)The development of the sporophyte within the female gametophyte. 3)The presence of well-differentiated vascular tissues. 4)The production of spores by meiosis in sporangia.

1 and 2

2 and 3

1 and 4

2 and 4

Explanation:

The development of zygotic embryos within the female gametophyte (in certain pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia) is a significant evolutionary step, as it is a precursor to the seed habit found in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Statement 1 describes fertilization, but it is the development of the sporophyte within the female gametophyte that indicates the evolution of seed-like traits, such as protection and nourishment of the embryo.
Statement 3 about vascular tissues and Statement 4 about spore formation are not directly related to the evolutionary precursor to seed formation.

#6. The plant body of Phaeophyceae typically consists of which of the following structures?

Holdfast, stipe, and frond

Thallus, stem, and leaf

Root, stem, and leaf

Frond, spore, and stipe

Explanation –

The plant body of Phaeophyceae consists of three main parts: the holdfast (for anchorage), the stipe (stalk), and the frond (photosynthetic leaf-like organ).

#7. Which of the following groups are no longer included in the Plant Kingdom despite having cell walls?

Fungi, Monera, and Protista

Cyanobacteria, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms, Fungi, and Protista

Algae, Fungi, and Angiosperms

Explanation: Earlier classifications included organisms with cell walls, such as Fungi, Monera, and Protista, in the Plant Kingdom. However, due to differences in cellular structure and function, these groups have since been excluded from Plantae.

#8. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the reproduction in mosses:

Vegetative reproduction in mosses occurs through fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage.

The sporophyte in mosses consists of a foot, seta, and capsule.

Mosses do not have a specific structure for dispersal of spores.

Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia at the apex of the leafy shoots.

Explanation: Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal, typically involving the capsule of the sporophyte. This mechanism helps in the widespread distribution of spores for propagation.

#9. What role does the bryophyte sporophyte play in its life cycle?

It is photosynthetic and independent, producing gametes.

It undergoes meiosis to produce diploid spores.

It is a multicellular structure that remains attached to the gametophyte and produces haploid spores.

It performs photosynthesis independently to support the gametophyte.

Explanation: The sporophyte in bryophytes is multicellular and attached to the gametophyte, from which it derives nutrients. It undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores, which will germinate to form new gametophytes.

#10. Which of the following best explains vegetative reproduction in mosses?

Vegetative reproduction occurs by spore germination in the capsule.

It occurs by fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage.

Fragmentation happens only in the leafy stage of the gametophyte.

The sporophyte directly gives rise to new individuals via budding.

Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in mosses occurs by fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage, which allows for asexual propagation without the need for spore formation.

#11. Why do bryophytes require a moist environment for successful fertilization?

To enable diffusion of gases for photosynthesis.

To allow the antherozoids to swim towards the archegonia.

To facilitate the growth of their rhizoids.

To prevent dehydration of the sporophyte.

Explanation: Bryophytes produce biflagellate (motile) antherozoids that swim through a water medium to reach the archegonia for fertilization, necessitating a moist environment.

#12. What is an example of an artificial classification system?

Classification based on evolutionary history.

Grouping organisms by habitat.

Organizing plants by color.

Classifying animals by behavior.

Explanation : – Artificial system is based on gross superficial morphological characters.

#13. What is the name of the free-living, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte that develops from the spores of pteridophytes?

Protonema

Prothallus

Sporophyte

Rhizome

Explanation:

In pteridophytes, the spores germinate to form a small, multicellular, free-living, and photosynthetic gametophyte known as the prothallus. It plays a crucial role in the sexual reproduction of pteridophytes. Unlike the sporophyte, which is larger and vascularized, the prothallus is typically inconspicuous and thalloid.

#14. Which of the following algae-derived products is used to grow microbes and is also used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies?

Carrageenan, derived from red algae

Algin, derived from brown algae

Agar, derived from Gelidium and Gracilaria

Chlorophyll, derived from Chlorella

Explanation –

Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria, is used to grow microbes and in the preparation of ice creams and jellies.

#15. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the habitat distribution of Rhodophyceae (red algae)?

Red algae are found exclusively in freshwater habitats.

Red algae are predominantly found in warmer marine environments, but some species can grow at great depths where little light penetrates

Most red algae are found in cold, temperate seas and are rare in tropical areas.

Red algae are primarily found in terrestrial habitats but have adapted to freshwater streams.

Explanation – While Rhodophyceae are mainly marine and thrive in warmer waters, they are also capable of growing at great depths in oceans, where light penetration is minimal.

#16. Which pattern of life cycle is observed in Fucus?

Haplontic

Diplontic

Haplo-diplontic

Amphibiontic

Explanation:
Fucus follows a diplontic life cycle, where the sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic phase, and the gametophyte is reduced to a few cells.

#17. What differentiates the reproductive structures of liverworts from those of mosses?

Liverworts have sporophytes with a foot, seta, and capsule, while mosses do not

Mosses produce gemmae for asexual reproduction, but liverworts do not.

Liverworts produce sex organs directly on the thalli, while mosses produce them only on leafy structures.

Mosses have dorsiventral thalli, while liverworts have upright leafy shoots

Explanation: In liverworts, sex organs are produced on the thallus itself, while in mosses, the sex organs appear on the leafy structures that emerge during the leafy stage.

#18. Which of the following algae species belongs to Chlorophyceae and exhibits a colonial form of the plant body?

Chlamydomonas

Ulothrix

Volvox

Spirogyra

Explanation – Volvox is a colonial green alga, where many individual cells form a colony that works together in a coordinated manner.

#19. Which of the following correctly describes the dependency relationship between the bryophyte gametophyte and sporophyte?

The sporophyte is independent and supplies nutrients to the gametophyte.

The gametophyte is dependent on the sporophyte for photosynthesis.

The sporophyte is attached to and nourished by the gametophyte.

The gametophyte absorbs nutrients from the sporophyte through rhizoids.

Explanation: In bryophytes, the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for nourishment and remains attached to it throughout its life, as it lacks the capability to photosynthesize independently.

#20. In liverworts, which of the following structures are directly involved in sexual reproduction?

Gemma cups and gemmae

Foot, seta, and capsule

Antheridia and archegonia

Protonema and leafy stage

Explanation: In liverworts, the male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively, are responsible for sexual reproduction. The foot, seta, and capsule are components of the sporophyte, while gemmae are involved in asexual reproduction.

#21. Which structure in angiosperms contains the highly reduced female gametophyte?

Anther

Stigma

Ovule

Pistil

Explanation:

The ovule houses the female gametophyte (embryo-sac), which is highly reduced in angiosperms. It contains the egg cell, synergids, antipodal cells, and polar nuclei, all of which are haploid.

#22. Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of the cell wall in Phaeophyceae?

The cell wall is composed of cellulose with a gelatinous algin coating

The cell wall is composed only of cellulose.

The cell wall contains cellulose and pectin.

The cell wall contains cellulose and silica.

Explanation – The cell wall of Phaeophyceae consists of cellulose, typically coated with a gelatinous substance called algin, which helps retain water and provides protection.

#23. The chloroplasts of Chlorophyceae algae can have various shapes. Which of the following is NOT a typical shape of a chloroplast in Chlorophyceae?

Cup-shaped

Discoid

Plate-like

Oval-shaped

Explanation –

Oval-shaped chloroplasts are not typical in Chlorophyceae; chloroplasts in these algae are usually discoid, cup-shaped, plate-like, reticulate, spiral, or ribbon-shaped.

#24. Identify the incorrect pair among the following options related to algae types and their forms:

Chlamydomonas - Microscopic unicellular

Volvox - Colonial form

Ulothrix - Massive plant body

Spirogyra - Filamentous form

Ulothrix is actually a filamentous form of algae, not a massive plant body. Massive plant bodies are found in some marine algae, such as kelps (brown algae), which have complex structures. Ulothrix forms simple, unbranched filaments and does not exhibit the large, complex morphology associated with massive plant bodies. The other options accurately describe the form and structure of each type of alga.

#25. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the root type with its association in gymnosperms?

Taproots – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots – Fungi in Cycas

Coralloid roots – Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots – Cyanobacteria in Pinus

Explanation:

In Cycas, small specialized roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. In contrast, Pinus has mycorrhizal roots that form a mutualistic association with fungi, enhancing nutrient absorption.

#26. among the well known systems to classify flowering plants which of the following not considered in evolutionary study?

Natural system

Phylogenetic system

Artificial system

More than one option correct

Explanation – Natural system and Artificial system does not consider evolutionary relationship.

#27. Which of the following statements about the life cycle of pteridophytes is/are correct? 1)The gametophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle in pteridophytes. 2)The sporophyte of pteridophytes is differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves. 3)Water is essential for the transfer of male gametes (antherozoids) to the female gametes (eggs). 4)All pteridophytes are heterosporous, producing both macrospores and microspores.

1 and 4

2 and 3

3 and 4

1, 2, and 3

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect. In pteridophytes, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a small, inconspicuous stage.
Statement 2 is correct. The sporophyte is well-differentiated and consists of true root, stem, and leaves.
Statement 3 is correct. Water is required for the transfer of male gametes (antherozoids) from the antheridia to the archegonium for fertilization.
Statement 4 is incorrect. Most pteridophytes are homosporous, producing a single type of spore, while some, like Selaginella and Salvinia, are heterosporous (producing both macrospores and microspores).

#28. Which of the following algae forms massive plant bodies and is typically found in marine environments?

Volvox

Ulothrix

Kelps

Chlamydomonas

Explanation: Kelps, which are large marine algae, can form massive plant bodies and are commonly found in ocean environments. The other options refer to smaller or unicellular algae that do not form such extensive structures.

#29. Which of the following statements is true about the storage of food in green algae (Chlorophyceae)?

Green algae store food only as starch

Green algae store food as oil droplets, starch, and sometimes protein.

Green algae do not store any food within the cell.

Green algae store food only as protein in pyrenoids.

Green algae store food in the form of starch, oil droplets, and sometimes protein in pyrenoids within the chloroplasts

#30. Which feature differentiates gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes in terms of gametophyte dependency?

Gymnosperms have independent male and female gametophytes.

Gametophytes in gymnosperms remain within sporangia on the sporophyte

Gymnosperms lack male gametophytes, relying solely on female gametophytes.

Gymnosperms' gametophytes develop outside the sporangia, similar to bryophytes.

Explanation:

In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and remain within the sporangia on the sporophyte. This is a significant difference from bryophytes and pteridophytes, where gametophytes have an independent, free-living phase.

#31. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the moss sporophyte from the liverwort sporophyte?

The moss sporophyte consists only of a capsule, while the liverwort sporophyte includes a foot and seta.

Mosses have a more elaborate sporophyte than liverworts, with a foot, seta, and capsule.

The liverwort sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte, unlike in mosses.

The moss sporophyte is responsible for gametophyte formation through budding.

Explanation: In mosses, the sporophyte is more elaborate than that of liverworts and includes a foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule in mosses also contains spores, which are released through a spore dispersal mechanism.

#32. Which of the following adaptations of Sphagnum moss has ecological significance?

Producing a dense mat that reduces soil erosion.

Requiring a moist habitat for gamete dispersal.

Forming thallus-like structures that attach to the substratum.

Producing biflagellate antherozoids for fertilization in water.

Explanation: Mosses like Sphagnum form dense mats on the soil surface, which help reduce the impact of rainfall and prevent soil erosion. This ecological role is crucial as it makes the substrate suitable for colonization by higher plants.

#33. Which component of the embryo-sac in angiosperms undergoes syngamy during fertilization?

Egg cell

Synergids

Antipodal cells

Polar nuclei

Explanation:

During syngamy, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo.

#34. Which of the following is the main form of food storage in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?

Starch

Laminarin or mannitol

Glycogen

Oils

Explanation – Food in Phaeophyceae is stored as complex carbohydrates, primarily in the form of laminarin or mannitol

#35. What adaptations in the leaves of gymnosperms help them withstand harsh environmental conditions?

Large leaves with broad surfaces and sunken stomata

Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle, and sunken stomata

Pinnate leaves with a thin cuticle and open stomata

Compound leaves with a broad surface area

Explanation:

Gymnosperm leaves, particularly in conifers, are adapted to extreme conditions with needle-like shapes, which reduce surface area and water loss. The thick cuticle and sunken stomata further minimize water evaporation, making them resilient to drought and high winds.

#36. Which type of sexual reproduction involves fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete?

Isogamous

Anisogamous

Oogamous

Fragmentative

Explanation: In oogamous reproduction, a large, non-motile (static) female gamete fuses with a smaller, motile male gamete. This is seen in algae such as Volvox and Fucus. Isogamous reproduction involves gametes that are similar in size, while anisogamous involves gametes of different sizes but with both motile

#37. Which of the following pigments is responsible for the characteristic brown color in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll c

Fucoxanthin

Carotenoids

Fucoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll pigment, is responsible for the characteristic brown color in Phaeophyceae, as it masks the green chlorophyll pigments

#38. Which gymnosperm root type is associated with fungi, and in which genus is it found?

Coralloid roots in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots in Pinus

Taproots in Sequoia

Fibrous roots in Cedrus

xplanation:

Pinus has roots associated with fungi in a mutualistic relationship known as mycorrhiza, which enhances nutrient uptake. This contrasts with coralloid roots in Cycas, which are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

#39. Which process leads to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms?

Fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell

Fusion of one male gamete with the secondary nucleus

Fusion of the egg cell with the secondary nucleus

Division of the zygote

Explanation:

The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with the diploid secondary nucleus in the embryo-sac during double fertilization.

#40. Which of the following correctly describes a gemma in liverworts?

A multicellular structure that produces spores during sexual reproduction.

A specialized asexual bud that develops in receptacles called gemma cups.

A single-celled structure that aids in nutrient absorption from the substrate.

A reproductive organ for the formation of male gametes.

Explanation: Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds that form in gemma cups on liverwort thalli. These buds detach from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals, aiding in asexual reproduction.

#41. Identify the incorrect statement regarding liverwort reproduction:

Gemmae are produced in gemma cups for asexual reproduction.

Sexual organs in liverworts can occur on the same or different thalli

Spores produced by the sporophyte germinate into gametophytes.

Only asexual reproduction occurs in liverworts.

Explanation: Liverworts reproduce both asexually through gemmae and sexually through the production of male and female sex organs. Therefore, option 4 is incorrect.

#42. What happens to the synergids and antipodal cells after fertilization in angiosperms?

They fuse to form the zygote.

They participate in the formation of endosperm.

They degenerate after fertilization.

They develop into secondary embryos.

Explanation:

The synergids assist in guiding the pollen tube into the embryo-sac, while the antipodal cells have a minor role. Both degenerate after fertilization, as they are no longer needed.

#43. Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of Chlorophyceae?

Presence of pyrenoids in the chloroplasts.

Unicellular body organization with a rigid outer cell wall made of cellulose only.

The absence of chlorophyll pigments in the chloroplasts.

The presence of only one type of storage body in the chloroplasts.

Explanation – All members of Chlorophyceae have chloroplasts with pyrenoids that contain protein and starch, which aid in the storage of food.

#44. In green algae, the vegetative reproduction commonly occurs through the process of fragmentation or by the formation of spores. Which of the following is the correct asexual reproductive structure in Chlorophyceae?

Zygospore

Zoospore

Oospore

Conidia

Zoospores are the flagellated asexual reproductive cells produced in the zoosporangia of green algae, such as in Chlamydomonas.

#45. Which of the following is NOT a habitat where algae can be commonly found?

Freshwater and marine environments

Moist stones and soils

Deep underground cave

In association with fungi and animals

Explanation: Algae commonly inhabit freshwater and marine environments, moist surfaces, and can form symbiotic relationships with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., sloth bear). However, they do not typically grow in deep, dark underground caves due to the lack of light necessary for photosynthesis.

#46. What type of leaves are characteristic of Cycas, and how long do they persist?

Needle-like leaves that persist for several months

Pinnate leaves that persist for a few years

Compound leaves that fall off annually

Simple leaves that persist for several decades

Explanation:

In Cycas, the leaves are pinnate (feather-like) and persist for a few years before shedding. This adaptation provides stability and functionality over multiple growing seasons.

#47. Which characteristic feature is unique to the protonema stage in the moss life cycle?

Presence of multicellular, branched rhizoids

Upright axes with spirally arranged leaves

Creeping, green, branched, and filamentous structure

Production of sex organs at the apex of leafy shoots

Explanation: The protonema stage in mosses is a creeping, green, branched, and filamentous stage that develops directly from a spore, unlike the leafy stage which bears the sex organs and has upright, slender axes.

#48. Which of the following plant groups was the first to develop a vascular system?

Algae

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Explanation:

Pteridophytes are the first plants in the evolutionary timeline to develop a vascular system, which includes xylem for water conduction and phloem for nutrient transport. This adaptation allowed them to grow taller and live in diverse habitats compared to non-vascular plants like bryophytes. Algae and bryophytes lack vascular tissues, while gymnosperms are more advanced and appeared later in evolution.

#49. The cell wall of green algae (Chlorophyceae) is made up of two layers. Which of the following statements correctly describes these layers?

The inner layer is composed of cellulose, and the outer layer consists of pectose.

The inner layer consists of pectose, while the outer layer is made of cellulose.

Both layers are made up of cellulose.

Both layers are made up of pectose.

Explanation – The inner layer of the cell wall is composed of cellulose, while the outer layer consists of pectose, a gel-like substance.

#50. Select the incorrect statement about Rhodophyceae (red algae):

They store food as floridean starch, which is similar to amylopectin and glycogen.

Red algae reproduce asexually by motile, flagellated spores.

Sexual reproduction in red algae is oogamous.

They are primarily found in warmer marine environments.

Finish

Results

#1. Assertion (A): Algae are considered primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Reason (R): Algae fix carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and produce oxygen as a byproduct.

#2. Which class of algae is responsible for producing valuable hydrocolloids like algin, which are used in commercial products?

#3. Which of the following pteridophytes exhibit the formation of strobili or cones for spore dispersal? 1)Equisetum 2)Selaginella 3)Ferns 4)Psilotum

#4. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with liverworts?

#6. The plant body of Phaeophyceae typically consists of which of the following structures?

#7. Which of the following groups are no longer included in the Plant Kingdom despite having cell walls?

#8. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the reproduction in mosses:

#9. What role does the bryophyte sporophyte play in its life cycle?

#10. Which of the following best explains vegetative reproduction in mosses?

#11. Why do bryophytes require a moist environment for successful fertilization?

#12. What is an example of an artificial classification system?

#13. What is the name of the free-living, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte that develops from the spores of pteridophytes?

Explanation:

#14. Which of the following algae-derived products is used to grow microbes and is also used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies?

#15. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the habitat distribution of Rhodophyceae (red algae)?

#16. Which pattern of life cycle is observed in Fucus?

#17. What differentiates the reproductive structures of liverworts from those of mosses?

#18. Which of the following algae species belongs to Chlorophyceae and exhibits a colonial form of the plant body?

#19. Which of the following correctly describes the dependency relationship between the bryophyte gametophyte and sporophyte?

#20. In liverworts, which of the following structures are directly involved in sexual reproduction?

#21. Which structure in angiosperms contains the highly reduced female gametophyte?

Explanation:

#22. Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of the cell wall in Phaeophyceae?

#23. The chloroplasts of Chlorophyceae algae can have various shapes. Which of the following is NOT a typical shape of a chloroplast in Chlorophyceae?

#24. Identify the incorrect pair among the following options related to algae types and their forms:

#25. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the root type with its association in gymnosperms?

Explanation:

#26. among the well known systems to classify flowering plants which of the following not considered in evolutionary study?

#28. Which of the following algae forms massive plant bodies and is typically found in marine environments?

#29. Which of the following statements is true about the storage of food in green algae (Chlorophyceae)?

#30. Which feature differentiates gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes in terms of gametophyte dependency?

Explanation:

#31. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the moss sporophyte from the liverwort sporophyte?

#32. Which of the following adaptations of Sphagnum moss has ecological significance?

#33. Which component of the embryo-sac in angiosperms undergoes syngamy during fertilization?

Explanation:

#34. Which of the following is the main form of food storage in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?

#35. What adaptations in the leaves of gymnosperms help them withstand harsh environmental conditions?

Explanation:

#36. Which type of sexual reproduction involves fusion between a large, non-motile female gamete and a smaller, motile male gamete?

#37. Which of the following pigments is responsible for the characteristic brown color in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?

#38. Which gymnosperm root type is associated with fungi, and in which genus is it found?

xplanation:

#39. Which process leads to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms?

Explanation:

#40. Which of the following correctly describes a gemma in liverworts?

#41. Identify the incorrect statement regarding liverwort reproduction:

#42. What happens to the synergids and antipodal cells after fertilization in angiosperms?

Explanation:

#43. Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of Chlorophyceae?

#44. In green algae, the vegetative reproduction commonly occurs through the process of fragmentation or by the formation of spores. Which of the following is the correct asexual reproductive structure in Chlorophyceae?

#45. Which of the following is NOT a habitat where algae can be commonly found?

#46. What type of leaves are characteristic of Cycas, and how long do they persist?

Explanation:

#47. Which characteristic feature is unique to the protonema stage in the moss life cycle?

#48. Which of the following plant groups was the first to develop a vascular system?

Explanation:

#49. The cell wall of green algae (Chlorophyceae) is made up of two layers. Which of the following statements correctly describes these layers?

#50. Select the incorrect statement about Rhodophyceae (red algae):

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