Plant Kingdom ( 11Th Neet ) - Capsule education

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#1. Which statement correctly distinguishes the bryophyte gametophyte from the sporophyte?

The gametophyte produces spores, and the sporophyte produces gametes.

The gametophyte is haploid and photosynthetic, while the sporophyte is diploid and non-photosynthetic.

The sporophyte is haploid and independent, while the gametophyte is diploid and dependent.

The sporophyte grows freely in the soil, while the gametophyte is attached to it.

Explanation: In bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant, haploid, photosynthetic phase, whereas the sporophyte is diploid, non-photosynthetic, and remains attached to the gametophyte, deriving nutrients from it.

#2. Which of the following is NOT a habitat where algae can be commonly found?

Freshwater and marine environments

Moist stones and soils

Deep underground cave

In association with fungi and animals

Explanation: Algae commonly inhabit freshwater and marine environments, moist surfaces, and can form symbiotic relationships with fungi (lichen) and animals (e.g., sloth bear). However, they do not typically grow in deep, dark underground caves due to the lack of light necessary for photosynthesis.

#3. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the habitat distribution of Rhodophyceae (red algae)?

Red algae are found exclusively in freshwater habitats.

Red algae are predominantly found in warmer marine environments, but some species can grow at great depths where little light penetrates

Most red algae are found in cold, temperate seas and are rare in tropical areas.

Red algae are primarily found in terrestrial habitats but have adapted to freshwater streams.

Explanation – While Rhodophyceae are mainly marine and thrive in warmer waters, they are also capable of growing at great depths in oceans, where light penetration is minimal.

#4. Which of the following examples represents common mosses?

Marchantia, Riccia, Polytrichum

Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum

Funaria, Marchantia, Riccia

Polytrichum, Sphagnum, Riccia

Explanation: Common examples of mosses include Funaria, Polytrichum, and Sphagnum. Marchantia and Riccia are liverworts, not mosses.

#5. Which gymnosperm is known as one of the tallest tree species in the world?

Pinus

Cycas

Cedrus

Sequoia

Explanation:

The giant redwood tree (Sequoia) is one of the tallest tree species in the world. Gymnosperms include medium-sized to tall trees and shrubs, with Sequoia being a notable example for its immense height.

#6. The plant body of Phaeophyceae typically consists of which of the following structures?

Holdfast, stipe, and frond

Thallus, stem, and leaf

Root, stem, and leaf

Frond, spore, and stipe

Explanation –

The plant body of Phaeophyceae consists of three main parts: the holdfast (for anchorage), the stipe (stalk), and the frond (photosynthetic leaf-like organ).

#7. Which of the following algae classes primarily contains species that are used in the production of agar, used in microbiological work and in food processing?

Rhodophyceae (red algae)

Phaeophyceae (brown algae)

Chlorophyceae (green algae)

Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae)

Explanation – Agar is obtained from red algae (Rhodophyceae), particularly from Gelidium and Gracilaria, and is used in microbiology and food industries.

#8. Which of the following pteridophytes exhibit the formation of strobili or cones for spore dispersal? 1)Equisetum 2)Selaginella 3)Ferns 4)Psilotum

1 and 2

1, 2, and 3

2, 3, and 4

1 and 4

Explanation:

Equisetum (a member of Sphenopsida) and Selaginella (a member of Lycopsida) produce strobili (cones) as part of their reproductive process. These strobili bear the sporangia where spores are produced.
Ferns and Psilotum (members of Pteropsida and Psilopsida, respectively) do not produce strobili. Ferns have sori (clusters of sporangia) on their fronds, and Psilotum does not produce cones either.

#9. Which gymnosperm root type is associated with fungi, and in which genus is it found?

Coralloid roots in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots in Pinus

Taproots in Sequoia

Fibrous roots in Cedrus

xplanation:

Pinus has roots associated with fungi in a mutualistic relationship known as mycorrhiza, which enhances nutrient uptake. This contrasts with coralloid roots in Cycas, which are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

#10. What is a key difference between the reproductive structures of Pinus and Cycas?

Pinus produces only male cones, while Cycas produces only female cones.

Male and female cones are borne on the same tree in Pinus but on different trees in Cycas.

Both Pinus and Cycas produce male and female cones on the same tree.

Male cones in Cycas are highly reduced compared to those in Pinus.

Explanation:

In Pinus, male and female cones are produced on the same tree (monoecious), while in Cycas, male and female cones (or megasporophylls) are produced on separate trees (dioecious).

#11. Which of the following plant groups was the first to develop a vascular system?

Algae

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Explanation:

Pteridophytes are the first plants in the evolutionary timeline to develop a vascular system, which includes xylem for water conduction and phloem for nutrient transport. This adaptation allowed them to grow taller and live in diverse habitats compared to non-vascular plants like bryophytes. Algae and bryophytes lack vascular tissues, while gymnosperms are more advanced and appeared later in evolution.

#12. Which of the following is an important evolutionary step in the life cycle of pteridophytes, which is considered a precursor to seed formation? 1)The fusion of male and female gametes. 2)The development of the sporophyte within the female gametophyte. 3)The presence of well-differentiated vascular tissues. 4)The production of spores by meiosis in sporangia.

1 and 2

2 and 3

1 and 4

2 and 4

Explanation:

The development of zygotic embryos within the female gametophyte (in certain pteridophytes like Selaginella and Salvinia) is a significant evolutionary step, as it is a precursor to the seed habit found in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Statement 1 describes fertilization, but it is the development of the sporophyte within the female gametophyte that indicates the evolution of seed-like traits, such as protection and nourishment of the embryo.
Statement 3 about vascular tissues and Statement 4 about spore formation are not directly related to the evolutionary precursor to seed formation.

#13. Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of the cell wall in Phaeophyceae?

The cell wall is composed of cellulose with a gelatinous algin coating

The cell wall is composed only of cellulose.

The cell wall contains cellulose and pectin.

The cell wall contains cellulose and silica.

Explanation – The cell wall of Phaeophyceae consists of cellulose, typically coated with a gelatinous substance called algin, which helps retain water and provides protection.

#14. Identify the incorrect statement regarding liverwort reproduction:

Gemmae are produced in gemma cups for asexual reproduction.

Sexual organs in liverworts can occur on the same or different thalli

Spores produced by the sporophyte germinate into gametophytes.

Only asexual reproduction occurs in liverworts.

Explanation: Liverworts reproduce both asexually through gemmae and sexually through the production of male and female sex organs. Therefore, option 4 is incorrect.

#15. Which feature differentiates gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes in terms of gametophyte dependency?

Gymnosperms have independent male and female gametophytes.

Gametophytes in gymnosperms remain within sporangia on the sporophyte

Gymnosperms lack male gametophytes, relying solely on female gametophytes.

Gymnosperms' gametophytes develop outside the sporangia, similar to bryophytes.

Explanation:

In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and remain within the sporangia on the sporophyte. This is a significant difference from bryophytes and pteridophytes, where gametophytes have an independent, free-living phase.

#16. What happens to the ovary of an angiosperm after fertilization?

It remains unchanged.

It develops into a seed.

It develops into a fruit.

It forms the pollen tube.

Explanation:

After fertilization, the ovary of an angiosperm develops into a fruit, which encloses and protects the seeds. This adaptation aids in seed dispersal.

#17. Which process leads to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms?

Fusion of two male gametes with the egg cell

Fusion of one male gamete with the secondary nucleus

Fusion of the egg cell with the secondary nucleus

Division of the zygote

Explanation:

The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with the diploid secondary nucleus in the embryo-sac during double fertilization.

#18. What adaptations in the leaves of gymnosperms help them withstand harsh environmental conditions?

Large leaves with broad surfaces and sunken stomata

Needle-like leaves, thick cuticle, and sunken stomata

Pinnate leaves with a thin cuticle and open stomata

Compound leaves with a broad surface area

Explanation:

Gymnosperm leaves, particularly in conifers, are adapted to extreme conditions with needle-like shapes, which reduce surface area and water loss. The thick cuticle and sunken stomata further minimize water evaporation, making them resilient to drought and high winds.

#19. Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of Chlorophyceae?

Presence of pyrenoids in the chloroplasts.

Unicellular body organization with a rigid outer cell wall made of cellulose only.

The absence of chlorophyll pigments in the chloroplasts.

The presence of only one type of storage body in the chloroplasts.

Explanation – All members of Chlorophyceae have chloroplasts with pyrenoids that contain protein and starch, which aid in the storage of food.

#20. In the life cycle of mosses, what is the fate of the spores produced by meiosis in the sporophyte?

They develop directly into diploid sporophytes.

They undergo mitosis to become multicellular sporophytes.

They germinate to form a haploid gametophyte generation.

They fuse to form a zygote, beginning the next sporophyte generation.

Explanation: Spores in bryophytes are haploid and germinate to form the gametophyte, which represents the dominant stage in their life cycle and produces the sex organs.

#21. In angiosperms, the secondary nucleus in the embryo-sac is formed by:

Fusion of the egg cell with a synergid

Division of the polar nuclei

Fusion of two polar nuclei

Fertilization of the antipodal cells

Explanation:

In the embryo-sac of angiosperms, two haploid polar nuclei fuse to form a diploid secondary nucleus, which later participates in double fertilization to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus.

#22. Which of the following statements about gymnosperm reproduction is correct?

Ovules are enclosed by an ovary wall during fertilization.

Seeds are exposed before fertilization but enclosed after fertilization.

Ovules and seeds remain exposed both before and after fertilization.

Seeds develop without the need for fertilization.

Explanation:

In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall and remain exposed throughout their development. This trait differentiates them from angiosperms, where seeds are enclosed within a fruit.

#23. Which component of the embryo-sac in angiosperms undergoes syngamy during fertilization?

Egg cell

Synergids

Antipodal cells

Polar nuclei

Explanation:

During syngamy, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo.

#24. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the moss sporophyte from the liverwort sporophyte?

The moss sporophyte consists only of a capsule, while the liverwort sporophyte includes a foot and seta.

Mosses have a more elaborate sporophyte than liverworts, with a foot, seta, and capsule.

The liverwort sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte, unlike in mosses.

The moss sporophyte is responsible for gametophyte formation through budding.

Explanation: In mosses, the sporophyte is more elaborate than that of liverworts and includes a foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule in mosses also contains spores, which are released through a spore dispersal mechanism.

#25. Which of the following algae species belongs to Chlorophyceae and exhibits a colonial form of the plant body?

Chlamydomonas

Ulothrix

Volvox

Spirogyra

Explanation – Volvox is a colonial green alga, where many individual cells form a colony that works together in a coordinated manner.

#26. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the reproduction in mosses:

Vegetative reproduction in mosses occurs through fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage.

The sporophyte in mosses consists of a foot, seta, and capsule.

Mosses do not have a specific structure for dispersal of spores.

Sexual reproduction involves antheridia and archegonia at the apex of the leafy shoots.

Explanation: Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal, typically involving the capsule of the sporophyte. This mechanism helps in the widespread distribution of spores for propagation.

#27. Which of the following best explains vegetative reproduction in mosses?

Vegetative reproduction occurs by spore germination in the capsule.

It occurs by fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage.

Fragmentation happens only in the leafy stage of the gametophyte.

The sporophyte directly gives rise to new individuals via budding.

Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in mosses occurs by fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage, which allows for asexual propagation without the need for spore formation.

#28. Which of the following algae-derived products is used to grow microbes and is also used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies?

Carrageenan, derived from red algae

Algin, derived from brown algae

Agar, derived from Gelidium and Gracilaria

Chlorophyll, derived from Chlorella

Explanation –

Agar, obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria, is used to grow microbes and in the preparation of ice creams and jellies.

#29. In liverworts, which of the following structures are directly involved in sexual reproduction?

Gemma cups and gemmae

Foot, seta, and capsule

Antheridia and archegonia

Protonema and leafy stage

Explanation: In liverworts, the male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively, are responsible for sexual reproduction. The foot, seta, and capsule are components of the sporophyte, while gemmae are involved in asexual reproduction.

#30. Which pattern of life cycle is observed in Fucus?

Haplontic

Diplontic

Haplo-diplontic

Amphibiontic

Explanation:
Fucus follows a diplontic life cycle, where the sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic phase, and the gametophyte is reduced to a few cells.

#31. Which of the following statements is true about the storage of food in green algae (Chlorophyceae)?

Green algae store food only as starch

Green algae store food as oil droplets, starch, and sometimes protein.

Green algae do not store any food within the cell.

Green algae store food only as protein in pyrenoids.

Green algae store food in the form of starch, oil droplets, and sometimes protein in pyrenoids within the chloroplasts

#32. What is the name of the free-living, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte that develops from the spores of pteridophytes?

Protonema

Prothallus

Sporophyte

Rhizome

Explanation:

In pteridophytes, the spores germinate to form a small, multicellular, free-living, and photosynthetic gametophyte known as the prothallus. It plays a crucial role in the sexual reproduction of pteridophytes. Unlike the sporophyte, which is larger and vascularized, the prothallus is typically inconspicuous and thalloid.

#33. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with liverworts?

Presence of a thalloid plant body, as seen in Marchantia

Asexual reproduction through fragmentation or gemmae.

Differentiation of sporophyte into foot, seta, and capsule

Predominant stage in life cycle as protonema.

Explanation: Liverworts do not exhibit a protonema stage; this is characteristic of mosses. Liverworts have a thalloid or leafy structure with a predominant gametophyte phase and undergo fragmentation or gemmae formation for asexual reproduction.

#34. What is the primary significance of rhizoids in bryophytes?

Conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Fixing nitrogen and aiding in nutrient acquisition.

Attaching the thallus to the substratum and absorbing water.

Storing food in the form of starch.

Explanation: Rhizoids are simple structures that attach the bryophyte to the substrate and assist in water absorption. They do not conduct water like true roots, nor do they store food or fix nitrogen.

#35. among the well known systems to classify flowering plants which of the following not considered in evolutionary study?

Natural system

Phylogenetic system

Artificial system

More than one option correct

Explanation – Natural system and Artificial system does not consider evolutionary relationship.

#36. Why are cyanobacteria no longer considered as true algae?

They are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic.

They do not have chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

They are prokaryotic organisms, unlike true algae, which are eukaryotic.

They lack the ability to produce oxygen during photosynthesis.

Explanation: Cyanobacteria, often called blue-green algae, are prokaryotic and do not have membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic algae, which led to their reclassification as non-algal.

#37. In the bryophyte life cycle, what is the sequence of events following the release of antherozoids into water?

Fertilization → Formation of gametophyte → Meiosis → Spore production.

Contact with archegonium → Fertilization → Zygote formation → Sporophyte development.

Zygote formation → Sporophyte development → Fertilization → Meiosis.

Gametophyte formation → Sporophyte detachment → Fertilization → Spore release.

Explanation: The antherozoids are released into water and move towards the archegonium, where fertilization occurs. The fusion of antherozoids and the egg forms a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte attached to the gametophyte.

#38. Which of the following is true about the protonema and leafy stages in mosses?

Both stages produce spores for dispersal.

Only the leafy stage attaches to the soil using unicellular rhizoids.

The protonema stage develops from the leafy stage.

The protonema stage is filamentous, while the leafy stage has upright axes with leaves.

Explanation: In mosses, the protonema stage is filamentous and green, developing directly from a spore. The leafy stage develops as a lateral bud from the protonema and has upright axes with spirally arranged leaves.

#39. What is the key characteristic of gymnosperms that distinguishes them from angiosperms?

Seeds are enclosed by an ovary wall in gymnosperms

Ovules and seeds remain exposed in gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms produce seeds without fertilization.

Gymnosperms have no root system.

Explanation:

The defining feature of gymnosperms is that their ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall, making their seeds “naked” after fertilization. Angiosperms, on the other hand, have seeds enclosed within a fruit. Gymnosperms possess a root system and require fertilization for seed production.

#40. Why do bryophytes require a moist environment for successful fertilization?

To enable diffusion of gases for photosynthesis.

To allow the antherozoids to swim towards the archegonia.

To facilitate the growth of their rhizoids.

To prevent dehydration of the sporophyte.

Explanation: Bryophytes produce biflagellate (motile) antherozoids that swim through a water medium to reach the archegonia for fertilization, necessitating a moist environment.

#41. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the root type with its association in gymnosperms?

Taproots – Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots – Fungi in Cycas

Coralloid roots – Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in Cycas

Mycorrhizal roots – Cyanobacteria in Pinus

Explanation:

In Cycas, small specialized roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. In contrast, Pinus has mycorrhizal roots that form a mutualistic association with fungi, enhancing nutrient absorption.

#42. Which of the following statements about the life cycle of pteridophytes is/are correct? 1)The gametophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle in pteridophytes. 2)The sporophyte of pteridophytes is differentiated into true root, stem, and leaves. 3)Water is essential for the transfer of male gametes (antherozoids) to the female gametes (eggs). 4)All pteridophytes are heterosporous, producing both macrospores and microspores.

1 and 4

2 and 3

3 and 4

1, 2, and 3

Explanation:

Statement 1 is incorrect. In pteridophytes, the dominant phase of the life cycle is the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a small, inconspicuous stage.
Statement 2 is correct. The sporophyte is well-differentiated and consists of true root, stem, and leaves.
Statement 3 is correct. Water is required for the transfer of male gametes (antherozoids) from the antheridia to the archegonium for fertilization.
Statement 4 is incorrect. Most pteridophytes are homosporous, producing a single type of spore, while some, like Selaginella and Salvinia, are heterosporous (producing both macrospores and microspores).

#43. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chlorella, a unicellular alga?

Chlorella is rich in proteins and is used as a food supplement.

Chlorella is used by space travelers due to its high nutritional value.

Chlorella produces large amounts of hydrocolloids, like carrageenan, for commercial use

Chlorella is used in biotechnology for its protein-rich content.

Explanation – Chlorella is a high-protein unicellular alga used as a food supplement, but it does not produce hydrocolloids like carrageenan

#44. Which of the following correctly describes a gemma in liverworts?

A multicellular structure that produces spores during sexual reproduction.

A specialized asexual bud that develops in receptacles called gemma cups.

A single-celled structure that aids in nutrient absorption from the substrate.

A reproductive organ for the formation of male gametes.

Explanation: Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds that form in gemma cups on liverwort thalli. These buds detach from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals, aiding in asexual reproduction.

#45. Which of the following groups are no longer included in the Plant Kingdom despite having cell walls?

Fungi, Monera, and Protista

Cyanobacteria, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms, Fungi, and Protista

Algae, Fungi, and Angiosperms

Explanation: Earlier classifications included organisms with cell walls, such as Fungi, Monera, and Protista, in the Plant Kingdom. However, due to differences in cellular structure and function, these groups have since been excluded from Plantae.

#46. Which of the following best describes the arrangement of sporophylls in gymnosperms?

Sporophylls are scattered randomly across the plant body

Sporophylls are arranged spirally to form cones or strobili

Sporophylls form separate structures for megasporangia and microsporangia but are never arranged in strobili.

Sporophylls are fused to form large compound leaves.

Explanation:

In gymnosperms, sporophylls are arranged spirally along an axis to form lax or compact strobili (cones). Microsporophylls bear microsporangia (male cones), and megasporophylls bear megasporangia (female cones).

#47. Algae contribute significantly to the process of carbon dioxide fixation on Earth. Which of the following statements correctly describes their role?

Algae fix approximately one-fourth of the total carbon dioxide on Earth.

Algae contribute to more than half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on Earth through photosynthesis.

Algae do not play a significant role in carbon dioxide fixation but are important for oxygen production.

Algae play a minor role in carbon dioxide fixation and mainly contribute to nitrogen fixation in aquatic environments.

Explanation –

Algae contribute to more than half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on Earth through their photosynthetic activity, which is crucial for regulating atmospheric carbon levels.

#48. Assertion (A): Bryophytes are called “amphibians of the plant kingdom.” Reason (R): Bryophytes need water for fertilization in their reproductive cycle.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).

Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are incorrect.

Explanation: Bryophytes are called the “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because, although they grow on land, they require water for the motile antherozoids to reach the egg for fertilization, which is unique among land plants.

#49. Which of the following is the most common type of spore found in algae?

Akinetes

Zoospores

Endospores

Conidia

Explanation:
Zoospores are the most common type of spores in algae. They are motile, flagellated spores that can move in aquatic environments, which allows them to spread and propagate. This type of spore is commonly found in green algae, such as Chlamydomonas. The movement of zoospores is essential for the dispersal and survival of algae in various aquatic environments, making them a prevalent spore type among algae.

#50. What differentiates the reproductive structures of liverworts from those of mosses?

Liverworts have sporophytes with a foot, seta, and capsule, while mosses do not

Mosses produce gemmae for asexual reproduction, but liverworts do not.

Liverworts produce sex organs directly on the thalli, while mosses produce them only on leafy structures.

Mosses have dorsiventral thalli, while liverworts have upright leafy shoots

Explanation: In liverworts, sex organs are produced on the thallus itself, while in mosses, the sex organs appear on the leafy structures that emerge during the leafy stage.

Finish

Results

#1. Which statement correctly distinguishes the bryophyte gametophyte from the sporophyte?

#2. Which of the following is NOT a habitat where algae can be commonly found?

#3. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the habitat distribution of Rhodophyceae (red algae)?

#4. Which of the following examples represents common mosses?

#5. Which gymnosperm is known as one of the tallest tree species in the world?

Explanation:

#6. The plant body of Phaeophyceae typically consists of which of the following structures?

#7. Which of the following algae classes primarily contains species that are used in the production of agar, used in microbiological work and in food processing?

#8. Which of the following pteridophytes exhibit the formation of strobili or cones for spore dispersal? 1)Equisetum 2)Selaginella 3)Ferns 4)Psilotum

#9. Which gymnosperm root type is associated with fungi, and in which genus is it found?

xplanation:

#10. What is a key difference between the reproductive structures of Pinus and Cycas?

Explanation:

#11. Which of the following plant groups was the first to develop a vascular system?

Explanation:

#13. Which of the following statements correctly describes the structure of the cell wall in Phaeophyceae?

#14. Identify the incorrect statement regarding liverwort reproduction:

#15. Which feature differentiates gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes in terms of gametophyte dependency?

Explanation:

#16. What happens to the ovary of an angiosperm after fertilization?

Explanation:

#17. Which process leads to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms?

Explanation:

#18. What adaptations in the leaves of gymnosperms help them withstand harsh environmental conditions?

Explanation:

#19. Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of Chlorophyceae?

#20. In the life cycle of mosses, what is the fate of the spores produced by meiosis in the sporophyte?

#21. In angiosperms, the secondary nucleus in the embryo-sac is formed by:

Explanation:

#22. Which of the following statements about gymnosperm reproduction is correct?

Explanation:

#23. Which component of the embryo-sac in angiosperms undergoes syngamy during fertilization?

Explanation:

#24. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the moss sporophyte from the liverwort sporophyte?

#25. Which of the following algae species belongs to Chlorophyceae and exhibits a colonial form of the plant body?

#26. Identify the incorrect statement regarding the reproduction in mosses:

#27. Which of the following best explains vegetative reproduction in mosses?

#28. Which of the following algae-derived products is used to grow microbes and is also used in the preparation of ice creams and jellies?

#29. In liverworts, which of the following structures are directly involved in sexual reproduction?

#30. Which pattern of life cycle is observed in Fucus?

#31. Which of the following statements is true about the storage of food in green algae (Chlorophyceae)?

#32. What is the name of the free-living, photosynthetic, thalloid gametophyte that develops from the spores of pteridophytes?

Explanation:

#33. Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with liverworts?

#34. What is the primary significance of rhizoids in bryophytes?

#35. among the well known systems to classify flowering plants which of the following not considered in evolutionary study?

#36. Why are cyanobacteria no longer considered as true algae?

#37. In the bryophyte life cycle, what is the sequence of events following the release of antherozoids into water?

#38. Which of the following is true about the protonema and leafy stages in mosses?

#39. What is the key characteristic of gymnosperms that distinguishes them from angiosperms?

Explanation:

#40. Why do bryophytes require a moist environment for successful fertilization?

#41. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the root type with its association in gymnosperms?

Explanation:

#43. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chlorella, a unicellular alga?

#44. Which of the following correctly describes a gemma in liverworts?

#45. Which of the following groups are no longer included in the Plant Kingdom despite having cell walls?

#46. Which of the following best describes the arrangement of sporophylls in gymnosperms?

Explanation:

#47. Algae contribute significantly to the process of carbon dioxide fixation on Earth. Which of the following statements correctly describes their role?

#48. Assertion (A): Bryophytes are called “amphibians of the plant kingdom.” Reason (R): Bryophytes need water for fertilization in their reproductive cycle.

#49. Which of the following is the most common type of spore found in algae?

#50. What differentiates the reproductive structures of liverworts from those of mosses?

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