Tap on Chapter name to run the Test☝️☝️⬆️
Results
#1. The plant body of Phaeophyceae typically consists of which of the following structures?
Explanation –
The plant body of Phaeophyceae consists of three main parts: the holdfast (for anchorage), the stipe (stalk), and the frond (photosynthetic leaf-like organ).
#2. In mosses, where are the antheridia and archegonia located during sexual reproduction?
Explanation: In mosses, the antheridia (male sex organ) and archegonia (female sex organ) are located at the apex of the leafy shoots, where fertilization occurs, leading to zygote formation.
#3. The cell wall of green algae (Chlorophyceae) is made up of two layers. Which of the following statements correctly describes these layers?
Explanation – The inner layer of the cell wall is composed of cellulose, while the outer layer consists of pectose, a gel-like substance.
#4. What type of leaves are characteristic of Cycas, and how long do they persist?
Explanation:
In Cycas, the leaves are pinnate (feather-like) and persist for a few years before shedding. This adaptation provides stability and functionality over multiple growing seasons.
#5. Which gymnosperm is known as one of the tallest tree species in the world?
Explanation:
The giant redwood tree (Sequoia) is one of the tallest tree species in the world. Gymnosperms include medium-sized to tall trees and shrubs, with Sequoia being a notable example for its immense height.
#6. Which of the following statements best describes the chloroplasts of Chlorophyceae members?
Explanation –
Chloroplasts in Chlorophyceae exhibit diverse shapes such as spiral, discoid, and reticulate, and contain both chlorophyll a and b, which contribute to their characteristic green color.
#7. Which characteristic feature is unique to the protonema stage in the moss life cycle?
Explanation: The protonema stage in mosses is a creeping, green, branched, and filamentous stage that develops directly from a spore, unlike the leafy stage which bears the sex organs and has upright, slender axes.
#8. Which of the following algae species belongs to Chlorophyceae and exhibits a colonial form of the plant body?
Explanation – Volvox is a colonial green alga, where many individual cells form a colony that works together in a coordinated manner.
#9. In angiosperms, which structure develops into the seed after fertilization?
Explanation:
The ovule develops into a seed after fertilization, while the ovary develops into a fruit that encloses the seeds.
#10. Which of the following pteridophytes exhibit the formation of strobili or cones for spore dispersal? 1)Equisetum 2)Selaginella 3)Ferns 4)Psilotum
Explanation:
- Equisetum (a member of Sphenopsida) and Selaginella (a member of Lycopsida) produce strobili (cones) as part of their reproductive process. These strobili bear the sporangia where spores are produced.
- Ferns and Psilotum (members of Pteropsida and Psilopsida, respectively) do not produce strobili. Ferns have sori (clusters of sporangia) on their fronds, and Psilotum does not produce cones either.
#11. What differentiates the reproductive structures of liverworts from those of mosses?
Explanation: In liverworts, sex organs are produced on the thallus itself, while in mosses, the sex organs appear on the leafy structures that emerge during the leafy stage.
#12. Which type of taxonomy uses computer processing to assign numbers and codes to all observable characteristics of an organism for classification?
Explanation: Numerical taxonomy assigns numbers and codes to observable characteristics, allowing for the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of traits using computers. This method helps in producing a more comprehensive classification.
#13. Which class of algae is responsible for producing valuable hydrocolloids like algin, which are used in commercial products?
Explanation – Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) produce hydrocolloids like algin, which are used in various commercial applications, including in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
#14. What happens to the ovary of an angiosperm after fertilization?
Explanation:
After fertilization, the ovary of an angiosperm develops into a fruit, which encloses and protects the seeds. This adaptation aids in seed dispersal.
#15. Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes the moss sporophyte from the liverwort sporophyte?
Explanation: In mosses, the sporophyte is more elaborate than that of liverworts and includes a foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule in mosses also contains spores, which are released through a spore dispersal mechanism.
#16. What adaptations in the leaves of gymnosperms help them withstand harsh environmental conditions?
Explanation:
Gymnosperm leaves, particularly in conifers, are adapted to extreme conditions with needle-like shapes, which reduce surface area and water loss. The thick cuticle and sunken stomata further minimize water evaporation, making them resilient to drought and high winds.
#17. Identify the incorrect pair among the following options related to algae types and their forms:
Ulothrix is actually a filamentous form of algae, not a massive plant body. Massive plant bodies are found in some marine algae, such as kelps (brown algae), which have complex structures. Ulothrix forms simple, unbranched filaments and does not exhibit the large, complex morphology associated with massive plant bodies. The other options accurately describe the form and structure of each type of alga.
#18. Which of the following algae classes primarily contains species that are used in the production of agar, used in microbiological work and in food processing?
Explanation – Agar is obtained from red algae (Rhodophyceae), particularly from Gelidium and Gracilaria, and is used in microbiology and food industries.
#19. Which of the following correctly describes the reproductive structures of gymnosperms?
Explanation:
In gymnosperms, microspores develop into male gametophytes, known as pollen grains, within the microsporangia. Female gametophytes, which are haploid, develop inside the megasporangium (ovule) and are retained there.
#20. Which of the following stages in the life cycle of liverworts produces gametophytes?
Explanation: In liverworts, the spores produced after meiosis in the capsule of the sporophyte germinate to form free-living gametophytes.
#21. Which of the following pairs correctly matches the root type with its association in gymnosperms?
Explanation:
In Cycas, small specialized roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. In contrast, Pinus has mycorrhizal roots that form a mutualistic association with fungi, enhancing nutrient absorption.
#22. The chloroplasts of Chlorophyceae algae can have various shapes. Which of the following is NOT a typical shape of a chloroplast in Chlorophyceae?
Explanation –
Oval-shaped chloroplasts are not typical in Chlorophyceae; chloroplasts in these algae are usually discoid, cup-shaped, plate-like, reticulate, spiral, or ribbon-shaped.
#23. Which of the following examples represents common mosses?
Explanation: Common examples of mosses include Funaria, Polytrichum, and Sphagnum. Marchantia and Riccia are liverworts, not mosses.
#24. among the well known systems to classify flowering plants which of the following not considered in evolutionary study?
Explanation – Natural system and Artificial system does not consider evolutionary relationship.
#25. Which of the following groups are no longer included in the Plant Kingdom despite having cell walls?
- Explanation: Earlier classifications included organisms with cell walls, such as Fungi, Monera, and Protista, in the Plant Kingdom. However, due to differences in cellular structure and function, these groups have since been excluded from Plantae.
#26. In the bryophyte life cycle, what is the sequence of events following the release of antherozoids into water?
Explanation: The antherozoids are released into water and move towards the archegonium, where fertilization occurs. The fusion of antherozoids and the egg forms a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte attached to the gametophyte.
#27. Which process leads to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) in angiosperms?
Explanation:
The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fusion of one male gamete with the diploid secondary nucleus in the embryo-sac during double fertilization.
#28. Which gymnosperm root type is associated with fungi, and in which genus is it found?
xplanation:
Pinus has roots associated with fungi in a mutualistic relationship known as mycorrhiza, which enhances nutrient uptake. This contrasts with coralloid roots in Cycas, which are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
#29. Which of the following best describes why bryophytes are referred to as the “amphibians of the plant kingdom”?
Explanation: Bryophytes are termed “amphibians of the plant kingdom” because, like amphibians, they live on land but need water for their sexual reproduction. Their motile male gametes require a water medium to reach the female gametes.
#30. Why are cyanobacteria no longer considered as true algae?
Explanation: Cyanobacteria, often called blue-green algae, are prokaryotic and do not have membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic algae, which led to their reclassification as non-algal.
#31. In green algae, the vegetative reproduction commonly occurs through the process of fragmentation or by the formation of spores. Which of the following is the correct asexual reproductive structure in Chlorophyceae?
Zoospores are the flagellated asexual reproductive cells produced in the zoosporangia of green algae, such as in Chlamydomonas.
#32. Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of Chlorophyceae?
Explanation – All members of Chlorophyceae have chloroplasts with pyrenoids that contain protein and starch, which aid in the storage of food.
#33. What is an example of an artificial classification system?
Explanation : – Artificial system is based on gross superficial morphological characters.
#34. In liverworts, which of the following structures are directly involved in sexual reproduction?
Explanation: In liverworts, the male and female sex organs, called antheridia and archegonia, respectively, are responsible for sexual reproduction. The foot, seta, and capsule are components of the sporophyte, while gemmae are involved in asexual reproduction.
#35. Which part of the liverwort sporophyte is responsible for producing spores?
Explanation: In liverworts, the sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, seta, and capsule. The capsule is where meiosis occurs, leading to spore production.
#36. Which of the following pigments is responsible for the characteristic brown color in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?
Fucoxanthin, a type of xanthophyll pigment, is responsible for the characteristic brown color in Phaeophyceae, as it masks the green chlorophyll pigments
#37. Which of the following is the most common type of spore found in algae?
Explanation:
Zoospores are the most common type of spores in algae. They are motile, flagellated spores that can move in aquatic environments, which allows them to spread and propagate. This type of spore is commonly found in green algae, such as Chlamydomonas. The movement of zoospores is essential for the dispersal and survival of algae in various aquatic environments, making them a prevalent spore type among algae.
#38. In Pteridophytes, the leaves can be categorized into which of the following types?
Explanation:
Pteridophytes exhibit two types of leaves: microphylls, which are small leaves found in plants like Selaginella, and macrophylls, which are large leaves found in ferns. This differentiation in leaf structure is linked to the adaptation of pteridophytes to various habitats and their evolutionary development.
#39. Which pattern of life cycle is observed in Fucus?
Explanation:
Fucus follows a diplontic life cycle, where the sporophyte is the dominant, photosynthetic phase, and the gametophyte is reduced to a few cells.
#40. What is the key characteristic of gymnosperms that distinguishes them from angiosperms?
Explanation:
The defining feature of gymnosperms is that their ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall, making their seeds “naked” after fertilization. Angiosperms, on the other hand, have seeds enclosed within a fruit. Gymnosperms possess a root system and require fertilization for seed production.
#41. What is the primary significance of rhizoids in bryophytes?
Explanation: Rhizoids are simple structures that attach the bryophyte to the substrate and assist in water absorption. They do not conduct water like true roots, nor do they store food or fix nitrogen.
#42. Which of the following is the main form of food storage in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?
Explanation – Food in Phaeophyceae is stored as complex carbohydrates, primarily in the form of laminarin or mannitol
#43. Which of the following statements about gymnosperm reproduction is correct?
Explanation:
In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by an ovary wall and remain exposed throughout their development. This trait differentiates them from angiosperms, where seeds are enclosed within a fruit.
#44. Which of the following green algae exhibit an oogamous type of sexual reproduction, where large immobile eggs are fertilized by small motile sperm?
Explanation – Volvox exhibits oogamous sexual reproduction, where the female gamete (egg) is larger and immobile, while the male gamete (sperm) is smaller and motile.
#45. Which feature differentiates gymnosperms from bryophytes and pteridophytes in terms of gametophyte dependency?
Explanation:
In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes are highly reduced and remain within the sporangia on the sporophyte. This is a significant difference from bryophytes and pteridophytes, where gametophytes have an independent, free-living phase.
#46. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chlorella, a unicellular alga?
Explanation – Chlorella is a high-protein unicellular alga used as a food supplement, but it does not produce hydrocolloids like carrageenan
#47. Which of the following correctly describes a gemma in liverworts?
Explanation: Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds that form in gemma cups on liverwort thalli. These buds detach from the parent body and germinate to form new individuals, aiding in asexual reproduction.
#48. Why do bryophytes require a moist environment for successful fertilization?
Explanation: Bryophytes produce biflagellate (motile) antherozoids that swim through a water medium to reach the archegonia for fertilization, necessitating a moist environment.
#49. Select the incorrect statement about Rhodophyceae (red algae):
#50. Which of the following best explains vegetative reproduction in mosses?
Explanation: Vegetative reproduction in mosses occurs by fragmentation and budding in the protonema stage, which allows for asexual propagation without the need for spore formation.